Cost of cws energy
Considering the ecosystem services, the costs of biomass production range from 38 to −290 USD dry Mg-1, in which the negative costs indicate income, suggesting that the value of water treatment services is large enough to pay for wetland operations and that biomass can be provisioned. Several benefits and facts, such as the low construction and operational costs of CWs, low-energy, and less operational requirements, have raised the interests in CWs as a treatment technology. Therefore, the constructed wetlands’ (CWs) technology provides important advantages such as cost efficiency, relatively uncomplicated construction, operation and maintenance, relatively low energy consumption, tolerance for fluctuations of feed amount and quality, process stability, and high buffer. Some statistics show that the cost of subsurface CWs in Africa for wastewater treatment is around US $ 5 per person compared to mechanical wastewater treatment (i. Wetlands are categorized into sub-surface flow and free water surface types, with the aim of optimizing the elimination of organic pollutants from wastewater.
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